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William Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet - 940 Words

Although upfront it just seems like they are just ensuring they are not being inconvenienced by their father, Goneril s letter to her sister (something to remember as the initial letter is taken with good faith as opposed to the letter between Goneril and Edmund which causes anxiety for Regan) shows the lack of good will the sister s gave. Shakespeare even shows the connection between the sister s in a subtle way when Goneril meets up with her father and her sister and embraces her sister by the hands, a seemingly normal act for two sisters to do, but the two do it to show their father that he is the odd man out without saying it outright. Shakespeare writes the sister s teamwork so maliciously, so efficiently, just so evil that Shakespeare must have wanted to show that their efficiency would mean nothing in the end, because they let their emotions get in the way of their politics, their planning and their militaristic tact. Shakespeare s use of the three sisters (primarily Regan and Goneril) in the play is intriguing as the genders could easily have been reversed without affecting the story much (other than Goneril and Regan s relationship with Edmund, but that could possibly be worked into a women s role). Goneril and Regan hold a lot of power in the play, they are extremely aggressive to those that get in their way and they are selfish and full of jealousy and lust, all of which are attributes that can be seen in Shakespeare s male characters in other playsShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1287 Words   |  6 PagesLizzy Baginski English Composition 2 Mr. Spera March 10, 2015 Romeo and Juliet Research Paper The movie Romeo and Juliet is a modern classic film that took place in 1996. Overall this is a timeless story that everyone should go and watch. This movie has an intriguing plot line that tells the story of two feuding families, The Montagues and The Capulets, and how the children of these two different families fall in love. The two children overcome various obstacles such as hiding their chemistry fromRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet 966 Words   |  4 Pages Beauty Over Gold â€Å"Beauty provoketh thieves sooner than gold.--William Shakespeare, 1623. In his book As You Like It, William Shakespeare pointed out the supremacy of love rather than the want of gold and wealth. Truly, beauty is more important to thieves than wealth. Many of the thieves in this world would rather have an elegant woman than to obtain precious rubies. After all, what good is a prosperous man if he doesn’t have a charming woman? Two famous men grab my attention who didn’t fear forRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet Essay1024 Words   |  5 PagesRomeo and Juliet is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare early in his career about two young star-crossed lovers whose deaths ultimately reconcile their feuding families. It was among Shakespeare s most popular plays during his lifetime and, along with Hamlet, is one of his most frequently performed plays. Today, the title characters are regarded as archetypal young lovers. Romeo and Juliet belongs to a tradition of tragic romances stretching back to antiquity. The plot is based on an ItalianRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1124 Words   |  5 PagesThe play Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare early in his career about two young star-crossed lovers whose deaths ultimately reconcile their feuding families. It was among Shakespeare s most popular plays during his lifetime and, along with Hamlet, is one of his most frequently performed plays. Today, the title characters are regarded as archetypal young lovers. Romeo and Juliet belongs to a tradition of tragic romances stretching back to antiquity. Its plot is based onRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet861 Words   |  4 Pagesgreatly shown in the play Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare. It was love at first sight with Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet. Meeting at a party and falling in love to get married without even spending quality time with each other. Romeo and Juliet couldn t tell there parents because the Capulets and Montagues are long term rivals. Both Romeo and Juliet had to find different ways and excuses to make this marriage work. A big problem was developed. Romeo kills Juliet s cousin and is banishedRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1770 Words   |  8 Pagesof Romeo and Juliet. The story of two destined lovers who were killed by their own doing. But what if they weren t two destined lovers who got unlucky, but doomed partners that were never going to have a good-life to begin with.William Sha kespeare gives us a view of early signs of gang conflict in the early age of Verona, Italy. He gives us a perspective of the norms and customs of Italy during the Setting of William Shakespeare s most famous story. Romeo and Juliet, by William Shakespeare, givesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1616 Words   |  7 Pageslove can also cause some of life s most controversial battles. These battles could stem from lack of patience, disagreement of moral values, and in some cases, an absence of attraction overall. In Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare, the issues that drive Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet s to each of their dreadful misfortunes are inevitable. When it comes to many of Shakespeare s plays, Aristotle s theory is used to describe them as tragedies. Romeo and Juliet is known by many as a tragedyRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1264 Words   |  6 Pagestheater-going public the most important dramatist in English literature, Shakespeare oc cupies a well-known position in the world of talented authors. His canon contains thirty-seven plays, written in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Additionally, throughout the years, they continue to sustain critical attention, with the majority of his works circling tragedies, one being Romeo and Juliet. William Shakespeare s Romeo and Juliet speaks to the timeless appeal of star-crossed lovers. Their loveRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet924 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy that follows the so-called love of two teenagers. The two fall in love at a masked ball and have a secret marriage. Throughout the play, their actions show how ridiculous love is, and how it is a danger to anyone who become twisted in its choking grasp. However, in the death of the youth and survival of the elders, an alternative explanation for the tragic events may be found. Although Shakespeare seems to be mocking love throughout the play, itRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1279 Words   |  6 Pagesour lives. The great, classic writers teach timeless, valuable life skills. Shakespeare was the greatest writer of all time. His writings mainly consisted of dramas and sonnets. Romeo and Juliet, as well as, A MIdsummer Night’s Dream were written about the same time period. He was able to inter relate everything that wrote. For example, the tale of Pyramus and Thisbe could possibly be an advertisement for Romeo and Juliet. The basic structure of the two dramas is the same; two forbidden lovers meet

Marketing Management Reliance Worldwide †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Marketing Management Reliance Worldwide? Answer: Introduction The term strategic marketing includes the sales, marketing strategy and sustainable competitive advantage for both the short and long-term goals of a business for differentiating the brand effectively (Alexis, 2012). The strategic marketing enhances the opportunity of providing consistent values to customers comparing with other competitors. The goal of strategic marketing is to maximise the prospects and potential of the business over all of its competitors. The concept of strategic marketing is different than that of operational marketing as marketing strategy helps to excel a company over its competitors by defining the current and future needs (Bate et al. 2012). The strategic marketing has key three roles for providing direction to the management regarding the business target market, the basis of competitive advantage and timing to enter the market. Background of company Reliance Worldwide Corporation is an Australian company that manufactures materials for plumbing solutions and water control systems. The company has a presence in the USA, the UK and in another part of Europe. Further, the plumbing products are exported to some of the Asian countries (RWC.com. 2016). The company offers a range of valves for controlling pressure, thermostatic, temperature, isolating water for domestic and industrial pipelines. The company has more than 700 patents on plumbing solution as well as has experience in this industry of more than 100 years (RWC.com 2017).The business of this company provides other ancillary and traditional plumbing fittings to its Australian customers. SWOT analysis Strength Weaknesses More than 700 patents in plumbing products Has the presence of more than 67 years The business is well established in Australia Strong sales and manufacturing team Provides sustainable solution to the customers regarding plumbing fittings Diverse product range in controlling valve for plumbing Strong growth in revenue and production capacity due to 11 plants in all over the world High debt to equity Low cash flow 60% scrap (Macquarieresearch.com. 2017) Dependency on copper Opportunity Threats Strong winter weather in the USA Revision of distribution policy with Lowes Companies Inc Improving cash flow The business growth in new regions like Europe The company can start manufacturing plant in emerging Asian countries to acquire new market New tax system in the USA Uncertainties with contract of Home Depot (Morgans.com.au. 2017) Price volatility of raw materials Appreciation of AUD compared to USD The SWOT analysis provides two distinct situations of the business of a company by investigating on internal and external conditions. In this context, the SWOT analysis of Reliance Worldwide Corporation is presented in the above. The evaluation of RWIC on basis of SWOT analysis is explained in details in the following section: Strength: The main strength of Reliance Worldwide Corporation Ltd (RWC) is its own design and products patents. The company has strong RD division, which has accumulated more than 700 patents in the valve, plumbing products. Thus, the company can place its product with unique features differentiating its business from its competitors. The product portfolio of this company shows innovative product like push-to-connect fittings, backflow prevention valves and others. The vast portfolio of the products has a range of flex pipes, controlling valves for both hot and cold water simultaneously, electronic tapware, tempering valves and water conservation. Further, the company has the presence of its business in Australia for more than 67 years. The market share of the company in Australia and New Zealand is strong as well as the growth of the business is solid too. The company has the strong human capital to retain the existing market in this continent as the sales team is experienced to place the sal es operation. RWC has 11 different manufacturing plants in Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the USA to serve the customers. Further, the sales distribution channel of the company has a strong network in throughout the country. Weaknesses: The main weakness of the business is the high debt-equity ratio (67:1), which has increased the cost interest too high. Additionally, the company has the operational challenge of producing 60% scrap of copper during manufacturing valves. Opportunity: There are various opportunities to grow its business in several places. However, the main opportunity for the company is to grow its business North America due to contracting with a new distribution partnership with Lowes Companies Inc. RWC has eyed to increase its business in European countries so that the business of plumbing fittings can be increased throughout the continent. Threats: The main threat to the business of RWC is a change in taxation system in the USA as the government has proposed to implement a higher tax rate for the foreign-produced goods. Further, the company has the threat of increasing price of copper, which has adversely affected the profitability of the company. The appreciation of AUD has also reduced the profitability of the company recently. The latest threat to this business is spinning of its contract to distribute products through Home Depot. Competitive advantages The competitive advantage of RWC is its huge product range in controlling valve, innovation in plumbing fittings such as push-to-connect fittings and traditional products in plumbing fittings. This business has provided plumbing solution to Australian people for more than 67 years with different types of pipe fittings as well as a valve. The company provides a range of products like controlling valve for both cold and hot water. Further, instant fittings of the socket for flex, copper and other pipes has generated a unique competitive advantage over the competitors for RWC. This product creates the value to the customers (both domestic and industrial) by reducing the time of installation and labour cost of fittings two pipes. This product is capable of providing a solution for reducing the cost of installation as in this way of connecting two pipes do not need any solvent, Teflon or range. The retail customers can fittings the water pipeline in their home with their bare hands by us ing push-to-connect fittings. Further, the company has a strong distribution channel in the USA with a long-term contract with Lowes Companies Inc. The company has started to enter the European market due to uncertainties of new taxation rules in the USA. The marketing strategy of the company to enter a new rich community is well timed for enhancing the overall market share. The company provides integrated solution to its customers by selling backflow valves, meters and mains. Further, RWC has to manufacture of traditional brass plumbing fittings in Australia with the capillary, screwed and compression design. The industrial solution (B2B) of RWC has accumulated the marketing strategy of selling the products through Titon (in New Zealand) and Tubefit (in Australia) brands. Segmentations analysis Segmentation is a part of marketing strategy for every business as it helps the manager to target the customers as well as the market (Dean et al. 2015). Further, the author has described segmentation of market as a strategy to place the product with adequate features. Busch et al. (2007) have argued that market segmentation is a process to divide and subdivide the market or consumers into several groups. Thus, this process helps the management to specify the target customers with the right product for better revenue generation. In this context, RWC has managed its marketing strategy by segmenting the market in all over the world with specific targets. The management of the company is able to segregate the specific target market through the process of segmentation. In theoretical concept, prior is a commonly used technique to segmenting the market. However, Chakravorti (2010) has observed that prior does not produce a good result for targeting specific customers. Therefore, the manag ements have to apply Pareto analysis for compiling the usage segmentation to specify the target consumers. However, the companies can conduct a cluster analysis or need based segmentation for penetrating the new markets in different countries. Chan et al. (2009) have observed that the management has used the segmentation process in accordance to the product or service would be sold in the market. The segmentation process is initiated by checking the demography of the market. According to Charan (2012), demographic analysis can be conducted on basis of different metrics such as age, gender, income and others. In this context, RWC has the concerned issue of income status of the target customers as the innovative and high valued plumbing fitting products need strong buying capacity of the consumers. Thereby, this company has targeted European and North American markets where high valued plumbing products are in demand. Further, in some of the geographic regions of these two continents face the extreme cold weather during some months of the year. Thereby, the management of RWC has segmented its target customers by demography as well as geographical characteristics. However, the geographical segmentation has a high level of uncertainties for the plumbing fitting business as North America has not undergone extreme winter in the last year. Further, geographical segmentation decreases the scale of economy in production due to increase in numbers of plants. Therefore, the company has to segment its business on need basis for increasing the market share. The management has conducted market research on several places to place their products with an industrial solution. The industrial products on plumbing fittings are mainly in demand from the commercial building owners of shopping malls and office buildings (Cho and Kim, 2013). Hence, the RWC has targeted the largest mansion building companies in Australia, New Zealand, USA and UK with its innovative product, push-to-connect fitting. The need basis segmentation is known as evaluation of customers' behaviour in theoretical context (Cook, 2008). According to the author, examining the consumer behaviour is important in segmentation process as it provides the specific target customers to the companies Figure 1: Need-based segmentation (Source: Dibb et al. 2010). Marketing strategy analysis The marketing mix of RWC is definitely the diversification of products in plumbing fittings. The company has more than seven types of different plumbing fittings and pipes. Further, the company provides a custom range of plumbing solution to its customers through customs forging facility. The company also provides custom extrusion products Watsford Tubex in New Zealand and Australia. The company also provides traditional brass plumbing fittings in Australia (Ryemetal). The highly diversified product portfolio of RWC has increased the market share of the company with upside potential for future. The marketing strategy of the company can be evaluated with respect to marketing mix model of four Ps. According to this model, a company must incorporate 4 Ps model for successfully implement the sales target. This model allows the management to enhance the business through developing the product at an affordable price at the right place by promoting the same in the target market (Eapen and A nnamalai, 2014). As Eapen and Annamalai (2014) have argued that 4 Ps model is a strategic marketing tool for the managers to find the process of implementing the strategy of marketing. RWC has created a vast level of product range in the valve, backflow controller, innovative plumbing fittings and traditional brass fittings for the customers. Further, this company has provided a custom range of solution to its customers for creating special value. The price of the product is affordable for the middle-class people as the main target of the company is the retail customers in Australia and New Zealand. The management of RWC has concentrated on manufacturing and designing of plumbing fittings mainly as the management has a different industrial solution with the dedicated distribution channel. The business of RWC has placed its business in a strategic way by entering the new market of Europe. The region is strong from an economic viewpoint, which can bring strong revenue growth to the co mpany. Additionally, the company has placed its product through dedicated online distribution channel Lowes ( the previous distributor was Home Depot). The business promotion of plumbing fitting is provided with dedicated video learning in YouTube and companys website. However, the international business promotion has been assigned to the concerned distributors of the country to promote the products. Figure 2: Ps of RWC (Source: Dibb et al. 2010) Stakeholder analysis RWC has four major stakeholders in its business customers, people, distributors and suppliers. In this context, the business activities of the company have witnessed that the company generates the maximum value to the customers by providing innovative product ranges in plumbing fitting category. Further, the business must maintain the relationship with the distributors and suppliers seriously as RWC does not sell its product directly in every market. The business has witnessed to maintain a strong relationship with the distributors as the management has terminated its long-term partnership with Home Depot (after 15 years). Further, the government is crucial in the business of RWC, especially in the foreign market. The management has ensured to keep the tax rate low by incorporating plants in major countries where it has a large volume of the market. CSR The manufacturing facilities of RWC have no significant impact on the environmental pollution as per the standard regulation of environmental laws. According to Epaminonda (2009), the manufacturing company must control the solid waste from the operation for meeting the standard guidelines of environmental protection. RWC has 60% copper scrap due to the manufacturing of plumbing fittings related to copper valves and brass fittings. However, the management has started to recycle the copper-based products by supplying the scrap to its suppliers. Such activity has reduced the cost of production as well as lowering the cost of raw materials. The company has supplied a scrap of the plastic mould to the recycling plants for reducing the solid waste. Recommendations The management of RWC must think to apply new marketing strategy as the existing strategy has not increased its market share in the Australian region. The first strategy is to reduce the dependency on the distributors to increase the profitability of the business with a current market share (on a volume basis). The company used to supply some of the companies such as Reece Ltd for selling the plumbing fitting products in Australia and New Zealand. However, these companies are in the business of trading of plumbing products only as they do not have any manufacturing plant or any patents of design. The management must consider creating its own distribution channel to enhance the profit margin by selling the products directly in the market. Further, RWC must consider for not supplying its products to these types of trading companies in the domestic market. Moreover, the business of customised plumbing fitting solution must be reached to the USA and European market as the needs of produc ts are different in these regions than that of Australia. In addition to this, the management of RWC must consider entering the emerging economies of Asia by starting new manufacturing plants due to the flow of income as well as high growth in these economies. The policy of exporting plumbing fittings in Asian countries do not provide many solutions to the company to enhance its market share in these countries due to the high difference in price affordability issue. The strategy of manufacturing and marketing in Emerging economies through the new plant in any of this region would provide the opportunity to place the product with competitive price. Implementation The company must start to investigate the potential opportunity (ies) in the emerging market at the first stage before decision-making stage. The second stage of activity is to find the feasibility testing of new market from a financial viewpoint. In this stage, the company has to check the regulation of the government of all the emerging countries to test the financial as well as operational feasibility. The company has to check the IPR protection law to protect the sustainability of business in all the countries separately. The third stage is to initiate the application through proper channel to the target country for setting up the new manufacturing plant. The final stage is to find a new distribution partner for marketing the products in the new region. Activity 1st quarter 2nd quarter 3rd quarter 4th quarter 5th quarter Decision-making Investigate the potential opportunity Feasibility testing Application of approval Setting up new plant Finding new distribution partner Monitoring and control The monitoring and control of a strategy are important for the business for implementing the new strategy in perfect condition. In this context, the management of RWC has to control the expansion strategy by setting up a new committee with having a high level of power. Additionally, this committee must have the authority for making every kind of decision in expanding the business in emerging economies. The monitoring committee must recognise a project manager for setting up the new plant in the new region. This person would be responsible for controlling the expansion program majorly. Conclusion The report has provided with the brief information regarding strategic marketing and RWC. The company has applied specific marketing strategy for developing a market for the plumbing fittings in different regions of the world. Further, this report has evaluated the current marketing strategy with the competitive advantage of the business. The report has indicated that geographical segmentation, as well as need based segmentation of market, have provided a lot of sales of RWC. However, the financial position of the company shows high debt on its balance sheet. Additionally, this report has watched the threat (risk) to this business in future due to change in taxation law in the USA. The report has provided a solution to overcome this issue by starting a new plant in emerging economy and developing a new market. References Alexis, M. (2012) Marketing laws and marketing strategy, Journal of Marketing, 26(4), pp. 6770. Bate, R., Jin, G., and Mathur, A. (2012).Counterfeit or substandard?. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research. Busch, R., Seidenspinner, M., and Unger, F. (2007).Marketing communication policies. Berlin: Springer. Chakravorti, B. (2010). Stakeholder Marketing 2.0.Journal Of Public Policy Marketing,29(1), pp. 97-102. Chan, K. C., Fung, H.-G. and Yau, J. (2009). Business ethics research: A global perspective, Journal of Business Ethics, 95(1), pp.3953. Charan, P. (2012) Supply chain performance issues in an automobile company: A SAP?LAP analysis, Measuring Business Excellence, 16(1), pp. 6786. Cho, I., and Kim, H. (2013). Assessing welfare impact of entry into power market.Energy Policy,61, pp. 1046-1054. Cook, V.J. (2008) Understanding marketing strategy and differential advantage, Journal of Marketing, 49(2), pp. 137148. Dean, T., Griffith, D., and Calantone, R. (2015). New Product Creativity: Understanding Contract Specificity in New Product Introductions.Journal Of Marketing, 39(2), pp. 78-89 Dibb, S., Stern, P., and Wensley, R. (2010). Marketing Knowledge and the Value of Segmentation. Marketing Intelligence Planning. 20(2). pp. 113-119 Eapen, M. and Annamalai, S. (2014) A study on job satisfaction among employees in an automobile sales and service company, Prabandhan: Indian Journal of Management, 7(1), pp. 1522. Eapen, M. and Annamalai, S. (2014) A study on job satisfaction among employees in an automobile sales and service company, Prabandhan: Indian Journal of Management, 7(1), pp. 1522. Epaminonda, C. (2009) Volkswagen factory hall at Ravenna, Informes de la Construccin, 18(7), pp. 113116. Macquarieresearch.com. (2017).Reliance Worldwide Corp. [online] Available at: https://www.macquarieresearch.com/ideas/api/static/file/publications/7313311/RWC090217xe265239.pdf [Accessed 12 May 2017]. Morgans.com.au. (2017).RELIANCE WORLDWIDE CORPORATION LIMITED. [online] Available at: https://www.morgans.com.au/morgans-assets/PDFs/RWC%20Replacement%20Prospectus%20-%20(2016).pdf [Accessed 12 May 2017]. RWC.com (2017).About RWC Australia: SharkBite RMC Water Valves History. [online] Available at: https://www.rwc.com/au/us/ [Accessed 12 May 2017]. RWC.com. (2016).RWC 2016 Annual Report. [online] Available at: https://www.rwc.com/wp-content/themes/RWC_Global/assets/files/RWC%202016%20Annual%20Report%20release%20version.pdf [Accessed 12 May 2017].

The Secret Garden close reading Essay Example

The Secret Garden close reading Paper 1 She chirped, and talked, and coaxed and he hopped, and 2 Flirted his tail and twittered. It was as if he were talking. His red 3 Wasitcoat was like satin and he puffed his tiny breast out and 4 Was so fine and so grand and so pretty that it was really as if he 5 Were showing her how important and like a human person a 6 Robin could be. Mistress Mary forgot that she had ever been 7 contrary in her life when he allowed her to draw closer and 8 closer to him, and bend down and talk and try to make some 9 thing like robin sounds. 10 Oh! To think that he should actually let her come as near to 11 him as that! He knew nothing in the world would make her 12 put out her hand toward him or startle him in the least tiniest 13 way. He knew it because he was a real person-only nicer than 14 any other person in the world. She was so happy that she 1 5 scarcely dared to breathe. 16 The flower-bed was not quite bare. It was bare of flowers because 17 Perennial plants had been cut down for their winter 18 Rest, but there were tall shrubs and low ones which grew together 19 At the back f the bed, and as the robin hopped about 20 Under them she saw him hop over a small pile of freshly turned 21 Up earth. We will write a custom essay sample on The Secret Garden close reading specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Secret Garden close reading specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Secret Garden close reading specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer He stopped on it to look for a worm. The earth had 22 Been turned up because a dog had been trying to dig up a mole 23 And he had scratched quite a deep hole. Lines 1-2: Burnett creates a happy and busy moment in these two lines by using six OITTerent veros. Mary cnlrpea, ana talked, ana coaxed wnlle tne roDln noppea ana flirted and twittered. This passage has a poetic and lighthearted sound to it, which s exactly how Mary is feeling at the moment. Burnett then describes the robins actions to be as though he were talking. Mary is eager to make friends and have conversations, so it makes sense that the robin is personified. Lines 3-5: This personification is developed further when Burnett describes the robins feathers to be a waistcoat like satin which gives the reader a visual image of a tuxedo that a man would wear. Burnett continues to use repetition, but this time using adjectives when she writes so fine and so grand and so pretty. This literary echnique tells the reader how excited Mary is about the bird. After giving vague personifications of the robin, Burnett finally explicitly says that it is as though the robin was showing her how like a human person it could be. Lines 6-9: This is one of the first times we see Mary become a new girl, one that is not contrary and is excited and intrigued by something. Burnett creates a separation of her nickname, taking off the quite contrary that typically follows Mistress Mary. Mary is not used to anyone being interested in her and the fact that the robin allows er to bend down and talk and try to make something like robin sounds, she is completely beside herself. Lines 10-12: Burnett uses the exclamation, Oh! to communicate Just how rare of a moment this is for Mary. By writing, To think, she insinuates that Mary had never experienced or expected to experience this kind of acceptance from anyone, not even a bird. Burnett begins to write in the point of view of the robin when she says, He knew nothing in the world would make her put out her hand This allows the eader to be able to see the bird as a human, Just like Mary does. Lines 13-15: Burnett goes on to qualify the robin as completely human. She writes, he was a real person-only nicer than any other person in the world. We as readers know that there are many other people in the world who are that nice, and much nicer. But Mary has not met many people who are kind to her, and this is proof. Mary is so happy that she scarcely dared to breathe. This statement is a great descriptor of the situation because her happiness is so extreme that it has affected er physically. Lines 16-20: Burnett transitions the scene to the flower-bed where a key scene occurs- this is where Mary finds the key to the secret garden. Burnett describes the garden as currently bare for the most part because of winter, which is foreshadowing the spring to come and new growth to occur (in the garden as well as in Mary). The robin stops on a pile of freshly turned up earth, thus leading Mary to notice that a dog had scratched quite a deep hole. Befriending the robin not only gave Mary a companion, but it also led her to the key.

The Purpose of a Resume - Resume Tips for Recent Graduates

The Purpose of a Resume - Resume Tips for Recent Graduates This article was originally posted at New Grad Life. A common misconception about resumes is that they are meant to describe what you did in your past jobs. In actuality, the most effective resumes are written from a FUTURE perspective. In other words, your resume will work if you think about what a potential employer would want to know about how you WILL perform. What experience do you have that will make you a contribution to their firm or organization? Photo by Ed Brambley, CC-BY-SA 2.0 If you are writing a resume from the perspective of the FUTURE, here’s what will happen: 1. Measurable Results. You will write detailed bullets that demonstrate your capability to achieve measurable results. That means: include numbers as often as possible. Don’t just say you tutored students; say how many and by how much their grades improved. Don’t say you were successful; tell us exactly what results you achieved. Don’t just say â€Å"increased;† tell us by what percentage. Your readers will imply that you can produce similar results for them. 2. Finding Relevance. You will think about the purpose and priority of each item on your resume. Does it matter that you worked as a bartender if you are now applying for marketing positions? Maybe, if you you were a student working 20 hours/week and still maintained a 3.8 GPA, or if you were the highest-tipped bartender at the establishment. Additionally, bartending demonstrates your ability to multitask and interact with a wide variety of people. But it does not need to take up three lines on your resume, just because it’s what you did; you can make it a short bullet under your â€Å"Education† section to show you were doing it while in school full time. 3. Deleting Irrelevant Items. You will delete anything that is irrelevant or of minimal importance to your future. These things include stuff you did in high school. High school activities are no longer relevant – you had 4 years of college to become who you are now, and if you did less in college than you did in high school, looking into the future, the logical conclusion is that you will do less and less as time goes on. Let us help you look your best on your resume and in all your writing. The Essay Expert provides writing help with LinkedIn profiles, resumes, cover letters, and other writing projects.

The Main Components of the EPA's Prescribed Waste Regulations Assignment

The Main Components of the EPA's Prescribed Waste Regulations - Assignment Example Batteries rules affect every person utilizing these commodities regardless of the level of use. The rules aim at regulating and making certain that the batteries are disposed of in environmentally friendly approaches. Biological diversity regulations offer conservation of natural diversity, sustainability and evenhanded distribution of resources. Wide life rules offer protection to all animals within the natural habitat regardless of their size and habitat. Forest acts offer protection towards conservation of forests. Merchant shipping rules offer to reduce waste that arises from ships within the coastal regions. The water acts offer protection to all water sources by preventing pollution. The air acts protect the ecosystem by curbing any possible air pollutions. The waste product is any redundant, cast off, dumped, unwarranted or excess material whether or not deliberated for trade or for recycling, reclamation, recuperation or decontamination by an independent process from that which created the material. Waste products can also be deemed to be everything affirmed by directive or environmental, safety guidelines to be waste, regardless of whether they are worthy or not. Waste products are any material regardless of the state in which it is liberated, emanated or accumulated in the surroundings, in volume component or manner that can cause a change in the environment. Waste products cause pollution in the case where they are poorly managed. Situational barriers hinder recyclers from creating effective recycling systems mainly due to deficiency of certain components that play a significant role. The deficiency is addressed at the level at which recycling occurs. At the lowest level, which is the home recycling, lack of materials such as numerous and large containers, little space to keep the wastes to be recycled, portable containers appreciably affects the establishment of effectual systems. At the higher-level, a low collection of waste from the local and municipal systems, hinder the firms that recycle from establishing an effectual system.

Virginia and New Jersey plans presented at the Constitutional Essay

Virginia and New Jersey plans presented at the Constitutional Convention - Essay Example Within the two houses of the legislative branch, one branch would consist of people who were to be elected by the citizens for a term of three years while the other branch called for a group of older leaders that state legislatures elected for a term of seven years of service. Under the New Jersey Plan, the proposal was to have a unicameral legislative branch and each state, no matter what the size of its population, would have one vote. This proposal was written as a response to the Virginia Plan to help give smaller states just as strong or equal power to the larger states. The New Jersey Plan gave Congress the power to set and collect taxes. All federal laws trumped state laws. For the Congress, there would be an executive council which could be subjected to a recall by governors of each state. These members would serve a four-year term. In the judicial branch, the executive branch would appoint the members and these members would serve for a life term. There are significant differences in the congressional representation in the plans. The Virginia Plan gave more power to larger states and would base representation of the people on the population of the states. Both houses of the legislature would have representation based on population proportions. The New Jersey Plan called for a representation that was more equal so that each state was on a more even scale. Population would not be the determination of the state’s members and each would have equal representation under this plan because these people thought that this gave the larger states too much power. There would only be one house of legislature and there would be one vote per state. Congress, under the Virginia Plan, had terms of offices that were not specified though they would be made up the three different branches of the government. The legislative branch could deny any state laws if they did not follow suit with

Husayn-McMahon Essay Example for Free

Husayn-McMahon Essay McMahon-Hussein Correspondence refers to an exchange of letters between Sharif Husayn Ibn Ali of Mecca and Sir Henry McMahon of Britain detailing the future of the Arab world in the face of a possible annexation by the Ottoman Turks. The background to this communication can be traced to early 1914 when Sharif Husayn’s son, Amir, paid a visit to the then British Consular in Egypt, Lord Kitchener, seeking British assurance that they would offer their support incase Arabs opted to revolt against Turkey. While at first Kitchner was reluctant to make any commitment, his successor in the region, McMahon, upon sensing the dwindling British fortunes in the Middle East, made hefty promises to garner the Arabs support during the First World War. It is during this period that McMahon would initiate correspondence with Husayn. The Husayn family emerged to be an influential force in the Middle East as it lay claim to be the descendant of Muhammad and held the mantle leadership of a number of kingdoms in the region (Daly 215). The issue of McMahon-Hussein correspondence has emerged highly controversial and is held to be at the core of the crisis in the Middle East. It is regarded as an important correspondence by the Palestinians as it was seen as a commitment by the British of granting them independence. In these series of letters, Husayn had asked for Arabs independence, he outlined these areas to be the Arabian Peninsula, Palestine and Iraq amongst others. McMahon on the other hand made a commitment to ensure the independence of a number of territories which would not damage the existing cordial relations with France. Arabs in the Middle East have maintained that British had promised independence to the Palestinians; on the other hand, Britain claims that this was merely a declaration of intent that was not legally binding and cannot be used to lay claim of independence to the Palestinians (Mack 123).

The Carbon Footprints of Sony and Dell Essay example -- Global Warming

The Carbon Footprints of Sony and Dell Abstract The purpose of this project was to investigate the carbon dioxide emissions of Sony Corporation and Dell, Inc. through the use of resources and the manipulation of rudimentary calculations and conversions. However, this comparison was not accurate because of lack of data on Dell's part. The significance of the data produced is it shows and compares the environmental efficiency of the companies targeted by quantifying their respective carbon footprints. Virtually all of the data obtained was found online through a variety of reliable sources, including the company websites of Sony and Dell and independent environmental reports. In order to compile the data, all information had to be converted into a "carbon footprint" unit, which is equal to grams of carbon dioxide equivalent per kilowatt hour of generation. In this way, the carbon footprint was able to account for all greenhouse gases produced by the respective companies. Thus, with the gathered data, it was possible to determine which of the companies was less environmentally harmful. The collected data from this project is significant because of the impending effects of Global Warming. The information provides an insight on how such large companies can work to make themselves "carbon neutral", and thus contribute much less to the greenhouse effect. Introduction A Brief Introduction on Global Warming In recent years, the issue of Global Warming has become a heated debate topic. In abridged terms, Global Warming is defined as an increase in the temperature of the Earth as a result of greenhouse gases, solar activity and other variables that impact climate. Much of the controversy surrounding Global Warming is whether ... ... provides data on the CO2 emissions of Dell Notebooks and Dell Optiplex's. Conclusion Conclusion Potentially, both Sony Corporation and Dell, Inc. have large carbon footprints. This is because from calculating Sony's carbon footprint, we can imply that Dell, Inc.'s carbon footprint will be roughly the same because the process in which their electronic products are created are similar. Furthermore, levels of product usage are roughly equivalent. While an accurate comparison could not be made, we did manage to determine Sony's carbon footprint. Also, some information on Dell, Inc's. CO2 emissions concerning their computers was gathered. Ignoring the inaccuracy of comparison, it can be said that Sony Corporation has easily accessible information and was given a higher rating than Dell, Inc. by Greenpeace, and thus has a lower carbon footprint than Dell.

Latino Race Ethnicity and Place in the USA Essay

– Race: people who share physical characteristics, such as skin color and facial features that are passed on through reproduction – social construction: a societal invention that labels people based on physical appearance. – Skin color, hair texture, and eye shape are examples of unequal treatment – Ethnic Group: a group of people who identify with a common national origin or cultural heritage that includes language, geographic roots, food, customs, traditions, and/or religion. – Puerto Ricans, Chinese, Serbs, Arabs, Swedes, Hungarians, Jews – Racial-Ethnic Group: people who have distinctive physical and cultural characteristics. Immigrants – Illegal immigrants do the jobs that most Americans don’t want like clean homes and offices, nannies and busboys, nurses’ aides, and pick fruit for low wage Dominant and Minority Groups: – Dominant Group: any physically or culturally distinctive group that has most economic and political power, the greatest privileges, and the highest social status. – Men are dominant group because they have more status, resources, and power than women. – Apartheid: a formal system of racial segregation – Minority: a group of people who may be subject to differential and unequal treatment because of their physical, cultural, and other characteristics such as sex, sexual orientation, religion, ethnicity, or skin color. – American minorities have fewer choices than dominant group members in finding homes and apartments because they are less likely to get help from a bank to help with mortgage. – Patterns of Dominant-Minority Group Relations: – Genocide: the systematic effort to kill all members of a particular ethnic, religious, political, racial, or national group. – Holocaust in Germany – Segregation: the physical and social separation of dominant and minority groups. – De Facto: informal; may be voluntary as when members of racial or ethnic groups prefer to live among their own group. Due to discrimination -De Jure: Legal; replaced by de facto – Assimilation: the process of conforming to the culture of the dominant group, adopting its language and values, and intermarrying with that group. – Mexicans are less likely to assimilate in the US than immigrants from the Philippines, Vietnam or South Korea because they are more likely to have entered the country illegally which cuts them from getting a good job, most public assistance programs, and eventual citizenship – Pluralism: minority groups retain their culture but have equal social standing in a society. – The US is pluralistic because it is multicultural, multicolored, and multilingual. Also, the US has most racial and ethnic communities (â€Å"Little Italy†, â€Å"Greek Town†, â€Å"Little Korea†, â€Å"Spanish Harlem†) live peacefully side by side Some Sources of Racial-Ethnic Friction – Racism: a set of beliefs that one’s own racial group is naturally superior to other groups. – Prejudice: an attitude, positive or negative, toward people because of their membership. – Different from us in race, ethnicity, or religion. Asians are really hard workers; White people can’t be trusted – Stereotype: an oversimplified exaggerated generalization about a category of people. – Can be positive; All African Americans are athletic – Can be negative; All African Americans are lazy – Ethnocentrism: the belief that one’s own culture, society, or group is inherently superior to others. – Reject those outside of our groupÃ'Ž – Scapegoats: individuals or groups whom people blame for their own problems or shortcomings. – They didn’t hire me because the company wants blacks; I didn’t get into that college because Asian Americans are at the top of the list Minorities are scapegoating targets because they differ in physical appearance and too powerless to strike back. – Stereotypes, ethnocentrism, and scapegoating are attitudes, but lead to discrimination. – Discrimination: any act that treats people unequally or unfairly because of their group membership. – Range from social slights (not inviting a co worker to lunch) to rejection of job application and hate crimes. – Can be subtle (not sitting next to someone) or blatant (racial slurs) – Individual Discrimination: harmful action on a one-to-one basis by a member of a dominant group against a member of a minority group. – Discrimination while eating in restaurants, shopping, buying house, applying for job, etc. – Institutional Discrimination: unequal treatment and opportunities that members of minority groups experience as a result of the everyday operations of a society’s law, rules, policies, practices, and customs. – Heath services; minorities get lower quality care than white people even when treated by the same doctor. – Relationship between Prejudice and Discrimination: – Robert Merton described the relationship between prejudice and discrimination as 4 patterns; 1. Unprejudiced Nondiscriminators: â€Å"All-weather liberals† They aren’t prejudiced and don’t discriminate; they believe in the American creed of freedom 2. Prejudiced Discriminators: â€Å"Active Bigots† They are prejudiced and do discriminate. They are willing to break laws to express beliefs 3. Unprejudiced Discriminators: â€Å"Fair-weather liberals† ; They aren’t prejudiced but they discriminate because its in their own self interest to do so 4. Prejudiced Nondiscrimination: â€Å"Timid Bigots† They are prejudiced but don’t discriminate. Major Racial and Ethnic Groups in the US – European Americans: immigrants from southern and eastern Europe; they viewed newcomers as dirty, lazy, and uncivilized because they differ in language, religion and customs. – Latinos: many Latinos who were professionals in their native land only find low-income jobs in the US. They often have a hard time to both work and learn English well enough to pass exams to become doctors, lawyers, and accountants. Many are successful though. Earn better hourly wages because they are older, better educated, and more likely to be employed in construction than agriculture. – African Americans: They are successful. A third of all black households earn incomes of $50,000 or more. – Asian Americans: the most successful Asian Americans are those who speak English relatively well and have high education levels. Have higher educational levels than any other US racial-ethnic groups. Most likely to be concentrated in highly skilled occupations like information technology, science, engineering, and medicine. – American Indians: they are not immigrants, they have been in the US longer than any other group. They have made considerable economic progress by insisting on self- determination and the rights of tribes to run their own affairs. Most of them work in construction and repair, maintenance, and personal and laundry services. – Middle Eastern Americans: one of the most diverse and complex combinations of geographic, historical, religious, linguistic, and even racial places on Earth. Tend to be better educated and wealthier than other Americans. Well integrated into American life. Three of four speak only English at home or speak it well and more than half are homeowners. Sociological Explanations of Racial-Ethnic Inequality – Functionalism: (macro) Prejudice and Discrimination can be dysfunctional, but they provide benefits for dominant groups and stabilize society. – Conflict: (macro) Powerful groups maintain their advantages and perpetuate racial-ethnic inequality primarily through economic exploitation – Primary Labor Market: held primarily by white workers, provide better wages, health and pension benefits, and some measure of job securityÃ'Ž – Secondary Labor Market: (fast-food employees) are largely minorities and easily paid, their wages are low, there are a few benefits and working conditions are poor. – Feminist: (macro and micro) Minority women suffer from the combined effects of racism and sexism. – Gendered Racism: the overlapping and cumulative effects of inequality due to racism and sexism. – Symbolic Interactionism: (micro) Hostile attitudes toward minorities, which are learned, can be reduced through cooperative interracial and interethnic contacts. – Attitudes toward dominant and minority groups through labeling and selective perception can increase prejudice and discrimination. – Contact Hypothesis: the idea that more people get to know members of a minority group personally, the less likely they are to be prejudiced against that group Interracial and Interethnic Relationships: – Miscegenation: marriage or sexual relations between a man and a woman of different races. – The increase in intermarriage reflects many interrelated factors both macro and micro that include everyday contact and changing attitudesÃ'Ž

The Bullwhip Effect In Pharmaceutical Industry Karachi Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3676 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? The bullwhip effect was the enlargement of demand fluctuations, not the amplification of the demand. The bullwhip effect was obvious in a supply chain when demand rose up and goes down. The effect was that these could be rise up and goes down were blown up the supply chain. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Bullwhip Effect In Pharmaceutical Industry Karachi Business Essay" essay for you Create order The spirit of the bullwhip result was that information to suppliers tends to have larger difference than sales to the purchaser. The additional chains in the supply chain the more multifaceted this matter becomes. This modification of demand was enlarged the further than insist was passed up the supply chain. During this research, there were a lot of reasons behind this amplification of demand of the products in pharmaceutical industry of Karachi and some of the causes that the bullwhip result occurred comprise the following: Over act in response to the backlog orders. Very little or no communication linking supply chain partners. Holdup times between order dealing out, demand, and receiving of products. Order batching: method for declining of ordering costs due to discounts for larger order, transport expense reduced by ordering full-truck loads, etc. Confines on order size (i.e. retailers could arrange goods in cases of 10 from trader; though, distributors take deliv ery of orders in cases of 1,000) Imprecise demand forecasts. Free of charge return policies. Cost fluctuations Short gaming Delay in lead time The research work includes measuring the bullwhip effect in Pharmaceutical industry Karachi, for that there must be know about the pharma sector of Karachi. Through finding from general survey the research concluded that there were more than 400 qualified pharmaceutical companies in Pakistan, including the 30 multinationals that have 40 percent of the market share. Approximately half of Pakistans total expenditure or consumption of pharmaceuticals were imported and there were also local manufacturing concept emerging now days due to technology transfer of many products from international countries to Pakistan. After the brief analysis of the pharmaceutical industry and the bullwhip effect that affects the demand of the product in the market so eventually caused the problem in sales and marketing due to many reasons. The bullwhip effect involves and turns around the terminology that was the usually involved in Supply chain which was the procedure of planning, executing, and scheming the operations as professionally as possible. Supply Chain extent all association and storage of raw resources, work-in-process records, and finished possessions from point-of-origin to the point-of-usage. Further, supply chain involves four district yet interrelated flows. These flows include material, information, ownership, and payment flows. Successful marketing required a successful supply chain management that ultimately requires planning, managing and controlling these four flows all the way through the incorporation of key procedure, from new suppliers through manufactures, retailers to the end-users, which produce values to the ultimate consumers. Lambert et al (1998) stated that supply chain management emphasizes close coordination among the diverse companies involved in the chain. It requires supply chain m embers to recognize which was part of the complex network. All the companies involved in the network were important in establishing a desired level of customer service in the supply chain and satisfying their customers requirements. These companies were interdependent in such a way that an individual companys performance affects the performance of other members of the supply chain. If there was a problem in one company, the company consequently causes other problems in other areas and weakens the effectiveness of the whole supply chain. Since, a supply chain involves many players and different practices and policies, those complexities result in higher degree of uncertainty and dynamic within a supply chain of the pharmaceutical industry of Karachi. In the marketing of the products one of the backbones involved was the supply chain in business includes the stages, which were built to fulfill the demand of the customers. A typical supply chain usually includes raw material supplie rs, manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers, and end customers. In supply chain, the variability of order quantity may significantly add to relative to the unpredictability of the end customer demand. In practical operation of any supply chain, the downstream members of the chain would observe the demand and transmit it to the upstream members by the replenishment orders. The information distortion during this transmission process had been observed and referred to as the bullwhip effect. In the presence of bullwhip effect, a small variation in the demand of the end customer may cause large variation in the demand facing by supplier. After analyzing the above facts Supply chain management which was considered as one the major and biggest topic in our analysis as follows: Mentzer et al. (2001): stated that the systematic, strategic co-ordination of the conventional business function and the strategy across these business functions within in specific company and transversely business surrounded by the supply chain, for the reason of enhancing the lasting presentation of the entity companies and the supply chain as an entire. Lummus et al (2001): included the logistic flows, client order organization, the manufacture process, and the information stream necessary to monitor all the behavior at the supply chain sites. Min and Mentzer (2000): showed that the to manage the stream of a allocation control from the provider to the final client. Lambert et al (1998): observed that to get the most out of competitiveness and profitability for the company as well as the whole supply chain network, including the end-customer. Turner (1993): said that the technique that looks at all the links in the sequence from unprocessed materials dealer, through a variety of levels of developing, to warehousing and allocation to the ending customers. Christopher (1992): studied that the supply chain was the system of organization that was concerned, through upstream and do wnstream linkage, in the dissimilar procedure and actions that each creates value in the shape of goods and services in the offer of the final consumer. Cavinato (1992): studied that the supply chain consisted of vigorously managed channels of procurement and distribution and that it was made up of a group of firms that adds value along the products flow from original raw material to final customer. Lee and Billington (1992): showed that networks of manufacturing and distribution sites that procured raw material, transformed them into intermediate and finished products, and finally distribute the finished products to customer In order to cover the topic of demand fluctuation, there must address the below problems that ultimately covered the Bullwhip effect and its tactics: Distribution Network: Number, location of the partners in supply chain, facilities in production, different centers related to distribution, store rooms and final customers. Distribution planning: C entralized against uncentralised, direct transportation, Cross docking, pull or push ways, 3PL. Information: Processes of the supply chain to create the sharing valuable information. Inventory Management. 1.1 Value Chain Of pharmaceutical Industry Karachi: The Bullwhip Effect was an effect in forecast or demand driven distribution channels. Because customer ordering demand was very few perfectly stable, the businesses must be have forecast demand. Forecasts were usually dependent on technical data, and were rarely exact. Companies usually prefer to have avoided forecast errors by having a buffer stock. In this scenario there was a demand in stream from up to down with the variations in effects. Increasing global competition in the world market made the supply chain management more critical. Although people tried to avoid the influence of bullwhip effect, unfortunately, it always exists in every supply chains. Many researchers examined the bullwhip effect and managerial approaches to relieve bullwhip effect were also proposed. However, little research had been conducted on quantifying this effect and measurement of bullwhip effect still remains a challenging research direction Causes of Bullwhip effect: There were following causes of bullwhip effect: Demand processing (in conjunction with long lead times): This referred to misinformation which may propagate up to the supply chain if only local information was used to take decisions under uncertainty. Long lead times could amplify this fact, since the longer the lead time, the higher the target inventory level set in the replenishment model. Batching of the Orders: Batching existed because companies look for economies (e.g. large quantities discounts, full truck shipments, etc.) or because actually resort to MRP systems, which were usually run on a monthly basis. Price fluctuations. When there were price fluctuations, upstream actors tend to concentrate their orders and build up stocks; then there would be place no orders in the following periods since large amounts of inventory. As a result, a stable demand pattern could be significantly altered, and the BE may arise. Lummus et al. (2003) studied the impact of price promo tions and other marketing initiatives on supply chain, while Rinks (2002) proposed a simulation study replicating the data structure of the Beer Game that showed that once a fluctuation was triggered, it may take more that 20 periods for the system to come back to a steady state. When price promotions were run on a regular basis, this implies a steady state could never be reached, and the systems behavior appears to be chaotic. Rationing and shortage gaming: When demand was larger than production capacity, the manufacturer rations products to its customers according to the size of the orders. If the customers recognize the rationing criterion, that would react by inflating orders, so to get the desired amount of products, and by later canceling the excessive ordered quantity. As a consequence, the manufacturer had a poor perception of the actual demand. Forward buying: Goods may be purchased in earlier stage of the actual demand to take benefit of cost promotions. Bullwhip Effect resulted in too many swings in various demands or inventory stocking points throughout the supply chain. This swing was also likely to be wider upstream in supply chain. Owing to the excessive swings and the amplification of demands, the Bullwhip Effect was a major concern for participants involve in a supply chain and marketing. The increase variability and uncertainty required each member to increase the level of stocks in order to maintain established service levels causing increased inventory holding costs due to overstocking throughout the supply chain, and lead to insufficient use of resources and eventually results in poor customer service and profitability. Because of the bullwhip effect had the detrimental impacts on the performance of the whole supply chain; many researchers had attempted to identify possible causes of bullwhip effects. 1.3 Pharmaceutical Industry Karachi: In Pakistan, there were around 400 pharmaceutical companies operating under the umbrella of pharmaceutical industry. Including 30 multinationals and who had good enough market position while others were local generic companies, now a days the situation was totally changed the local companies were emerging in the pharmaceutical market because of their cheap technology and labor as well as there were not bound to procure raw materials from the validated plants by higher authorities in this way, captured profit and focus on sales increase rather than qualities,. So in order to calculate the bullwhip effect in the pharmaceutical industry which was the main cause of sales fluctuation had focused on pharmaceutical industry. Towards market potential then usually had seen that the pharmaceutical industry was good for many therapeutic segments including anti-biotic, vaccines, and analgesics, anti cancerous or hematological drugs. Through the geographic survey the Health sector had budget ar ound 40 billion, which merely increased every year by 15 16 percent. The existing network of those people related to medical representatives consisted of about 1000 hospitals, about 100 maternity and child birth centers and around 300 tuberculosis centers etc. Pakistan pharmaceutical industry was composed largely on multinational companies which were producing marketing research based or innovative products and also other small or bigger local companies which were predominantly produced and market generic products in Pakistan. There were many economic drives and some of them were illustrated down the line: Awareness Programs on issues related to health and realization amongst the population for the same Health securities by the emphasis of government Marketing research data by national companies Increase per capital income which provided high disposable income for health related matters Large population of Pakistan Export opportunities Production process improvement New generic molecules by cheaper raw materials Cheap raw material sources from abroad Chinese machinery system for manufacturing the products New generations entrepreneur in the local companies Increase in sales and marketing expenditures Doctors prescriptions were the main source of sales in pharmaceutical industry 1.5 Healthy Competition of Pakistan Pharmaceutical Industry: The Pakistan pharmaceutical industry was increasing day by day in growth. The utility rates and other factors of production have been increased in steady rate over the last couple of years. Prices of drugs were increasing since 2008 and china revoking its export by supplying to Pakistan. Here the point should be well noted that the china and India were exporting their raw materials and different and unique machineries to Pakistan in a huge quantity. Mostly the machineries were imported from China, Taiwan, Korea, India, Germany, UK, USA and Japan besides other countries 10% of the demand was fulfilled by the local fabricated equipments. Furthermore, World trade organization had shown a significant impact on pharmaceutical trade in shape of National treatment programs in which other parties get tender through WTO and in return their sales increases, another option was harmonization of standard through ICH guidelines which required intensive capital requirement to come to the pharma i ndustry business last but not the least was the TRIPS agreement in which the patented documents were there and generic manufacturing companies cannot come under this unless and until would had patents for their own product or molecule. In view of above factors organizations had to make themselves stronger to capture the pharmaceutical market in Pakistan and grow in the same field. One of the backbones factor was information system in pharmaceutical industry which was the main or core system that should be smooth to carry out the process in the industry because it did not had any physical existence in pharmaceuticals. Information connected the serve between various stages in manufacturing or marketing or supply chain in pharmaceutical industry which coordinated and brought new and innovative ideas to maximize the sales in pharmaceutical industry. Also, in order to perform the daily operations in the processes. The coordination occurs when all the processes in the supply chain w ere performed under secure and beneficial information that boost the sales in pharmaceutical industry. The information sharing process was involved in each and every stage of the operations and reduces the losses in the supply chain. Another important matter was forecasting which was the art and science of making projections about future demands and circumstances would be in the pharma industry. Future sales could be depicted through the forecasting techniques in the pharma industry. The company made a plan to act on the forecast. The forecasting technique should have been perfect and accurate so that the demand could be fulfilled to the customers. Any ignorance in the supply chain could bear losses in huge so the forecasting should be done in a well mannered to avoid any shortages in the market for fulfilling customers demand. Pricing was a process of gaining profit for a firm that how much had charge to the customers for their goods or services. Demand and supply information wa s a special input for pricing in pharmaceutical industry. A firm had to understand the impact of pricing and the competition amongst the competitors due to prices of the products. For effective revenue management the supply chain must have good information about the products and their pricing strategy. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Frank Chen (1998) summarized the study on enumerate the effect of the bullwhip in a simple way of supply chain and the affect of predictions, due time, and sources. The author quantified the bullwhip effect by using retailer and a single manufacturer and emphasized on the causes of the bullwhip effect in which focused on the demand forecasting and order lead times. Author focused on determining the impact of demand forecasting on the bullwhip effect and secondly, not only to find out the presence of the bullwhip effect, but also to quantify and measure the bullwhip effect, i.e., to quantify the increase in unpredictability or variability at each stage either in retailer, manufacturer or wholesaler side. In this research author had used the retailer information and observed the level of inventory system and their way of ordering to fulfill the demand and if there were any unfilled demand then those demands were backlogged, and also focused on the lead time between an order placed by the retailer and the fulfillment of the order. Lee et al. (1997a, b) identified the five main reasons of the bullwhip effect that were the use of demand forecasting, supply shortages, lead times, batch ordering, and price variations while most of the previous research on the bullwhip effect had focused on demonstrating its existence, identifying its possible grounds that creates bullwhip effect, and the methods of reducing its impact. Lee et al. also suggested the process of centralization of the demand information in each step of the supply chain with full, proper and complete information to fulfill the customer demand. Lee et al. (1997b) studied the measurement of demand by the use of retailer and the lead time and also analyzed the bullwhip effect. The author had also focused on the inventory Policy and forecasting technique which assume that the retailer followed a simple order-up-to inventory policy, also focused on the forecast error while taking the order-up-to point. Not only their findings and studied on the forecasting error and the inventory policy, the author had also studied the relationship between the two quantities. Hax and Candea (1984) studied that after the findings, authors came to the conclusion that it was more appropriate to calculate the inventory policy based on the former quantity. It was also focused that the forecasting was a major variable that could be used to measure the existence of bullwhip effect so this paper also focused on the same concept. To measure the bullwhip effect the author also had determined the variance of the orders placed by the retailer in the direction of the producer relative to the difference of the required goods faced by the vendor where authors have assumed. The important point to understand that the smother the demand forecasts the smaller the increase in variability / deviation and the increase in the variability of orders from the retailer to the manufacturer was a growing purpose of the fro nt time factor. Lee et al. (1997) suggested that one remedy made demand information at a down direction site obtainable to the upstream location. Centralized demand information was a great strategy for reducing the magnitude of the bullwhip effect. i.e., the demand information should be available at every step of the supply chain process or manufacturing till marketing to make customer demand information available. Although it was also a fact that the bullwhip effect still exist even had a centralized demand system by the retailers. That is, even if each stage of the supply chain had complete knowledge of the demands seen by the retailer, the bullwhip effect would still exist. The result in the research paper demonstrated the following three major points of views: All required demand information was centralized Every phase of the supply chain used the identical forecasting technique, and Every stage used the same inventory policy; there would still be an increase in vari ability at every stage of the supply chain. In this paper Lee et al. had demonstrated that the phenomenon known as the bullwhip effect was due to the effects of demand forecasting. More importantly, authors had shown that providing each stage of the supply chain with complete access to customer demand order information could considerably reduce this increase in variability. However, researcher also had shown that the bullwhip effect would still exist even when demand information was shared by all stages of the supply chain and all stages use the same forecasting technique and inventory policy. Even though the retailer had complete knowledge of the observed customer demands, as a result, the manufacturer observed an increase in variability. Indeed, the author had also believed that when evaluating the bullwhip effect it was most appropriate to consider inventory policies and forecasting techniques that were used in practice. Alderson (1957) distinguished and recognized that the interdependence between companies business activities in marketing channels. Forrester (1958) also acknowledged the association and linkages between business activities in marketing channels, e.g. in terms of the communications and connections among the flows of information, resources, wealth, and human resource, and assets gear. Weld (1916) stressed the significance of concentrating on the distribution channel as a whole. Mentzer et al., (2001) addressed the fact that the supply chain from the spot of beginning to the spot of spending. Furthermore, Xu et al., (2001) said that SCM required co-operation and co-ordination between companies activities and resources in a supply chain. Towill, Lee and Billington, (1992) studied that the otherwise, the variability of business activities in a supply chain tend to be amplified as it was moved upstream in the supply chain. Lee et al. (1997a) wrote that the variability of the orders may be greater than that of the sales and the fluctuation tends to rise up as one move upstream in the supply chain. Lee et al. (1997b) also claimed that the information transferred tends to be indistinct and could mislead upstream associated in their accounts and manufacture decisions. This phenomenon was referred to in literature as the bullwhip effect. In fact, practitioners and consultants had struggled to treat with the bullwhip effect, e.g. in the automotive, textile, and retail industries. In the retail industries the terms quick response and efficient consumer response was usually used. Fernie (1994) also demonstrated that those terms, or business philosophies, aim at reducing the unpredictability or variability in supply chains and in the end improves the productivity, profitability, cutting costs and increases the overall presentation or performance of the companys business. The bullwhip effect indicated that the stocks and inventories in the supply chain tend to be higher or greater in the upstream than downs tream, e.g. effects were caused by factors such as deficient information sharing, insufficient market data, deficient forecasts or other uncertainties or unpredictability.